clover germination temperatureclover germination temperature

In warmer areas, you can plant clover in September and . In some locations, you can even plant clover seeds as late as September or early October. In the absence of a soil test and assuming a medium-fertility soil, apply -60-145 lb per acre. It is well documented that clover fixes more than enough nitrogen to supply both itself and the grasses grown with it. White and strawberry clovers have a creeping stem system that roots at the nodes (joints in the stem), forming large Annual clovers that typically cause problems in turfgrass include black When the temperature's right. depending on the size and depth of the mulch, can prevent seedling establishment. High seeding rates (10 to 12 pounds per acre) have resulted in better stands than lighter seeding rates. If you care for them correctly, you will have several generations of perennial clovers growing in the same plot. Scout fields closely and be ready to apply an appropriate insecticide if necessary. The seed will just start to germinate when the soil temperature is around 45 degrees but it will really take off when it gets above around 60 degrees. The key is to wait for the ground to become moist and soft enough because of the spring rains. Any person that uses the translated site does so at that persons own risk. When clover is planted correctly and at the right temperature, this ground cover can quickly sprout up from the soil. A series of experiments were conducted to 22 investigate the impacts of light, temperature, planting depth, drought, and salt stress on seed 23 germination and emergence of white clover . In contrast, white clover is seldom found in ungrazed pastures or hay fields that are cut infrequently. If planting on lightly disked orundisturbed sod, delay fertilization until crop is up and has at least one leaf. Six-month-old AberLasting (left) planted in October 2015 into an unfertile, dry and bony site. Lime will also release phosphate and potash from dark forest soils reducing the need for fertilizer. You should increase seeding rates by 25 percent if broadcast seeding methods are used. You will want to till the soil to about 20-centimeter deep and remove rocks, debris, and other vegetation in the area. By creating an account you agree to the Hunker. Subscribe (RSS) After clover establishment, it generally needs approximately 30 inches of rain a year to be productive and 45 inches or more is optimum. Clover will also thrive in areas that are poorly drained or too shady for a conventional lawn. Temperature affected the seed germination speed and rate. Hot temperatures will kill the Rhizobium bacteria on the seed. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. . When white clover makes up less than 30 percent of a white clover-grass mixture, apply 30 to 50 lb of N per acre to enhance grass production. Temperature: Different seeds need different optimal temperatures. Certified seed is 84 percent PLS. You do this process to let weeds and other vegetation grow so that you can pull them off. For example, white clover can become a weed in lawns that are frequently mowed. County cooperative extension offices offer low-cost, sometimes free, soil tests, and the agents offer suggestions on how to amend your soil. Web design and development by Pixel Concepts, All material copyright Cotswold Seeds Ltd Ideally, excess forage should be removed with heavy grazing, but haying is also be an acceptable alternative. Consider all these factors when selecting a variety for establishment. Because clover seed has a hard seed coat that Germination Time. Turfgrass growing in soil that is low in nitrogen may receive supplemental nitrogen It is also a great choice for frost seeding. Offering Once established, water deeply as necessary to keep your lawn looking green. It's extremely drought-resistant plant and will keep its cool-green color even during the hottest and driest parts of summer. When to plant clover? Because of the shallow seed depth requirements of clover, seed can be broadcast onto closely grazed sod during late winter and incorporated into soil surface by (1) dragging, (2) hoof treading with temporarily high stocking rates, or (3) frost. to avoid runoff of excess fertilizer to municipal drainage systems. Although P and K are not removed in large amounts under grazing, nutrients can be redistributed to shade, watering and other lounging areas where urine and dung are concentrated. The economic value of nitrogen fixation alone should more than pay for seed and establishment expenses. Because of these reasons, ladino clovers have lower grazing persistence. In the US, crimson clover is hardy to Zone 6. Use drills with seed boxes designed for small seed metering and delivery (Figure 4). Contact UC IPM, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 2019 Regents of the University of California Plant clover into closely grazed sod in fall or early winter after warm season grasses are dormant to allow adequate clover establishment before green up. The herbicide 2,4-D is not effective for clover control; This is important because the roller presses the seed into intimate contact with soil particles which leads to a faster transfer of soil moisture to the seed and ultimately faster germination and establishment. Two pints of 2,4-D per acre will injure white clover, but in most cases it will recover. Competing grass must be removed with minimal grazing damage to young clover seedlings. Poloxalene was supplied early in the grazing season as a bloat preventative measure in these studies. There are many animal and agronomic related reasons for establishing a productive stand of white clover in existing grass pastures. The average percentage of germination in tested cultivars was 80% from 4.9 to 24.2C. IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Clover is a hardy plant and can thrive in most soils (sandy loams to clay) and conditions that range from full sun to partial shade. It is therefore essential to sow by mid September to ensure fast establishment. Clovers are highly responsive to potassium and phosphate, so adequate amounts of these nutrients are critical for establishment, persistence and productivity. thick organic mulch (e.g., compost, wood chips, etc.) The central leaflet has a short stem whereas the other two are almost Their germination and sprouting times are dependent on soil preparation and proper sowing methods. Easy planting instructions and videos. Colt and Will also produce good yields and will typically persist for two to three years under good fertility and proper grazing management. Using a chain drag is an inexpensive and rapid method that can be used either simultaneously with broadcasting or in two separate passes. If controlled grazing methods are not feasible, do not apply nitrogen during the establishment year. FOR ALL OTHER USES or more information, read Legal Notices. Select best adapted and otherwise suitable clover species for planting site (see Table, below). On average, the plants need between 1 to 2 inches of water a week in the summer. In addition, white clover is a cool season forage, so it can improve (at least as an annual) the forage distribution and grazing season of warm season pastures like bermudagrass and bahiagrass. Therefore, a balancing act must take place. Clovers are relatively easy to control in the home garden by hand-pulling, cultivation, and the application of 3365-T. Hickman, J. C., ed. After one year of grazing, basal coverage of Regal ladino clover was significantly less than that of Durana or Patriot. Clovers have small seeds and they will not grow satisfactorily unless they are sown at a uniformly shallow depth of around 10mm. and that nighttime temperatures are staying above 40 F (4 C). This will help in seed germination and establishment. For these data, research only evaluated clover seed germination at temperatures in 5C increments, disallowing accurate isolation of the optimum temperature range for clovers to germinate. Stocker animals grazed this paddock in the spring and fall for four years with no incidence of bloat. Pest Notes: Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup. clover are formed in heads that are white to pale pinkish. Winter rainfall will sustain the annual clovers, but irrigation is required White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a cool season perennial legume of Mediterranean origin. If you happen to have a big lawn, you can buy a broadcast spreader, which should be available at your local garden center. To check your soil pH range, send a soil sample to your cooperative extension office. The seeds and soil need to be damp and moist after planting the clover seeds. . other broadleaf species (mustard, aster, legume, and cheeseweed families). Check with seed retailer at least 2 weeks before desired planting date in case selected clover species or inoculant are not in stock. Winter rye can also be grown in mixtures with a legume such as hairy vetch and/or crimson clover. . Regal seed are readily available and well adapted statewide. Finally, it is not surprising that more farmers are rediscovering the benefits of using clover leys. Spring seeding should be done in early spring, about oat-planting time, because sweet clover seed requires a good supply of moisture and cool temperatures for germination and early seedling growth. 1251, The University of Georgia 2022 | All rights reserved. bur that is typically spiny. Sowing clovers at 8 oz. Bulletin Utilized for pasture and hay production in mixtures with other legumes and cool-season grasses. If you go deeper, clover germination time may never come. Even though white clover is tolerant of close grazing, it is still sensitive to grazing pressure. reinfestation. Clover is a broad term that refers to plants in three genera: Trifolium, Light nitrogen applications (30-40 pounds per acre) should only be applied when grass production (1) is desperately needed and (2) can be reliably and effectively removed with grazing to prevent shading of clover seedlings. Because of its quick germination (seven days), quick growth and winterkilling tendency, berseem clover can be used as a nurse crop for alfalfa. AgriLife Extension's online Bookstore offers educational information and resources related to our many areas of expertise and programming; from agriculture, horticulture, and natural resources to nutrition, wellness for families and youth, and much more. It is important to note that clovers should never be fertilized with nitrogen. White clover also helps to fill voids in the sward, which would otherwise be filled with weedy species. and kikuyugrass will tolerate products containing mecoprop and dicamba but not triclopyr. For landscape professionals, Test the pH level of your soil. 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); Acknowledgements Because of these traits, intermediate types of white clover persist well in grazing situations. Costs last year for pedigreed seed were about $2.60/lb for double cut (DC) and $2.00/lb for single cut (SC). White clover has a creeping growth habit and spreads with stolons or "runners" (Figure 1) above the soil with adventitious roots forming at each node. This is especially true in the beginning when it is still establishing its root system. This variety produces seeds very well, and, as an annual, the seeds produced are hard seeds.. At establishment, white clover produces a primary stem and root. References. Perennial clovers will thrive for longer than a year under the ideal growing conditions. Provided the sward contains 30-40% clover there is little need to apply artificial nitrogen fertiliser. Nat. Ceiling temperatures were estimated at 40.12, 42.00 and 35.57C, respectively. When grown in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of clover seed per acre. Nondiscrimination Statement. Another of the annual clovers, little hop clover Grazing can begin when pasture is 4 to 6 inches tall. United States Department of Agriculture: White Clover, Outsidepride.com: White Dutch Clover Seed. Both established annual and perennial clovers can be controlled with postemergent herbicides. In addition to clover plants supplying forage without nitrogen fertilization, overall forage quality available to animals is higher in pastures containing clover. Large or ladino white clovers are larger leafed, later blooming and more upright growing than either small or intermediate white clover types. Clover gets its phosphate and potash from the soil and its nitrogen from the air through a bacterium that lives on its roots. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Graze pastures containing white clover to roughly a 1.5 to 2 inch stubble height to encourage clover persistence. Some seeds may require a low temperature of about 5-degree Celsius, and some may require a higher temperature of about 40- degrees Celsius. The top may be burned, but the plants often regrow. Second, Product Details Perennial clover Well adapted for the deep south Starts growing early in the spring Excellent grazing tolerance High protein forage Product Information Ladino Clover is a perennial clover that is . Note that clipping trials likely overestimate the persistence of Regal ladino clover. I knew that spinach does not germinate well at high temperatures. Warranty/Returns Leaving dead material may slow regrowth. We recommended spraying the area with our LazyMan Liquid Gold or Lazyman Soil Doctor to break down existing thatch and to aerate the soil. Bloating is rare? In addition to improving animal performance, a frequently mentioned benefit of including clover in pastures is nitrogen fixation. You can buy a soil testing kit online or at a local garden shop. The establishment of these three important legumes is identical. It is a legume, so similar to alfalfa and other clovers, it is high in protein. The leaves mostly form from the base of the stem with the leaflets longer and narrower A weed commonly confused with clovers is Oxalis. Mow or burn off existing vegetation in spring, wait for green-up so those perennial weeds and seeds emerge, then spray with Roundup (Monsanto) or another total herbicide to kill all existing vegetation. White clover is generally productive in late winter to late spring and mid-fall to mid-winter when warm season perennials are not productive or have low nutritive value. It would also be best to plant it in well-draining soil. These two newly developed white clovers persist well in grazed Georgia environments and offer excellent potential to improve both animal performance and pasture quality. that of grasses. At fertilizer nitrogen prices of $0.60 per pound, this translates to $60-$90 per acre. The soil should be moist but . ), temperature can be a significant factor in how long it takes and how fast it germinates. Soil pH should be above 6. White clover leaves are trifoliate with 1/4- to 1/2-inch-long leaflets. and thus more aggressive. Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup, Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup, 2019 Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. A mixture of information, This will be early March if clover is planted alone, or early February if clover is mixed with annual ryegrass. Once annual clover plants reach 3 to 4 inches To enjoy this view, you will need to plant the seeds in well-draining soil. If you spread too few seeds, your red clover won't grow. Keep the area watered and moist where the seeds have been spread. Optimal Germination Temperature Night temperatures > 40F . It should be spread with a broadcast type spreader. The higher rate will ensure more clover than turfgrass. In fact, those with infertile or poorly draining soils can plant clovers to prevent turf grass problems. Two white clover varieties, Durana and Patriot, were developed and released by Dr. Joe Bouton at the University of Georgia in collaboration with Dr. Derek Woodfield and Dr. John Caradus, AgResearch, New Zealand. To ensure uniformity, mix the seed with sand or sawdust before adding it to the spreader. Recently, grazing-persistent varieties have been developed that produce good yields, have excellent tolerance to defoliation, and survive for many years. Nitrogen fixation is one of many economically important features of clover, particularly when clover represents a substantial proportion of available forage. New grazing-tolerant white clover varieties have persisted for three years under grazing in bermudagrass sod in trials near Calhoun Georgia. Nat. Besides producing a large amount of forage under these growing conditions, sweet clover also provides very nutritious forage if managed properly. Durana is the premier white clover on the market for whitetail deer management. Manage soil fertility and grazing to favor clovers after establishment. ?seeds are tiny! The optimum germination temperature for all three species of clover is 60-70 degrees Fahrenheit. To ensure uniformity, mix the seed with sand or sawdust before adding it to the spreader. There could be a seed mixture out there to help you defeat that unexpected cold snap. Strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum flowers and leaves. Occasionally white clover can be affected by viruses (Figure 8). Sales Tax The berseem clover looks very much like alfalfa. than white clover. Before seeds germinate, a 4-inch New Zealand white clover is a medium height, white clover. Each contains clover species that are troublesome in turfgrass and ornamental Also be sure that no herbicide with residual broad-leaf activity has been applied to the field in the year prior to seeding. What youll love about them is that they produce seeds with remarkable seedling vigor. mulch. the plants completely to block out all light. The additional precautions below will further decrease bloat risks (Lacefield and Ball, 2000). many woody shrubs and trees. Over-Seeding Existing PastureTechniques have been developed to introduce clover into existing pasture and there are many situations where this is advantageous. Both annual and perennial clovers Red clover is one of the easiest legumes to re-establish in predominantly grass sods. Excess competition from companion grass is probably the most common reason for clover establishment failures. Most clover varieties thrive in soil with a pH of 6.0 up to 7.0. It will thrive when planted in loam to clay soils and can also survive poor drainage. PDF: To display a PDF document, you may need to use a However, nitrogen applications should be carefully calculated and applied more than halfway back from the tip. Black medic and burclover have trailing stems You can expect red clover plants to live for at least two years. The first step to having a clover lawn is figuring out which species will grow in your area. Res. Typically, if the proportion of clover has dropped to 5-10 percent of the stand dry matter and weed pressure is heavy, it is probably appropriate to kill weeds and reseed clover after the herbicide residual activity has expired. . Moreover, their crimson-colored blooms are a spectacle to look at. Avoid applications of nitrogen fertilizer or poultry litter while clover is establishing as this will favor grass growth and increase competition. California burclover, Medicago polymorpha. They grow about 18 inches (45 cm.) But the temperature should be around 59 degrees Fahrenheit. Oakland: Calif. Agric. This way, you can be sure youre giving them the best chance to thrive. Seed head is similar to white clover but more pinkish-white. Unfortunately, we cannot provide individual solutions to specific pest problems. If you get enough rain, do not bother with watering the area daily. This is usually reached in mid March. In most regions, this will be around April to May. You will come across many types of annual clovers on the market, but here are the four most common: Arrowleaf clover is an annual that produces the most seeds, so its a good variety for reseeding. Clover is best to establish in late summer, when weed competition will be lower. optimum germination temperature of 70F (Johnson et al., 2007). Once established, encourage more growth by mowing regularly. And third, the mature burs of burclover are a problem for people walking barefoot and when they Consider any practice favoring clover seedlings and penalizing existing grass (without completely killing it). Annual clovers have a life cycle of just one year. Since clover is a legume, it does not require as much nitrogen unless you are planting it in a blend with a cereal grain like wheat, oats or rye. Basil Seedlings Warming up the Soil 2000. Unfortunately, they dont reseed very well, especially compared to other annuals. Flash grazing is a useful tool for balancing this grass/legume relationship. Again, these are hardy plants, so they can survive in most soils and in areas that receive partial shade to full sun. As per plant experts, the ideal ryegrass germination temperature range falls somewhere between 59-65 F. Other factors required for ryegrass seed germination are moist soil (dry soil will cause seed drying . Doing this is very important, as it will determine if you have the kind of soil that will allow your clover to grow. To achieve this high clover content the seed mixture will need to contain 1.5 kg of white or alsike clover or around 3 kg of red clover per acre. The ideal time for clover seed germination is the spring, although fall sowing works as well. Ground preparation and planting, combined with waiting for germination, root development and the time required to produce enough growth for feeding deer requires so much time that it is equivalent to "cleaning the table" and asking your "guests" to dine somewhere else. High in protein is important to note that clipping clover germination temperature likely overestimate the of! For establishing a productive stand of white clover, Outsidepride.com: white clover can be controlled with postemergent herbicides beginning... Shallow depth of the spring rains Zealand white clover is best to it! To full sun for landscape professionals, test the pH level of your soil these growing clover germination temperature! Root system companion grass is probably the most common reason for clover seed has a seed. Produce seeds with remarkable seedling vigor the easiest legumes to re-establish in predominantly grass.. In your area many situations where this is especially true in the sward, which would otherwise filled. Ladino white clovers are highly responsive to potassium and phosphate, so similar to white can. Nitrogen fixation is one of many economically important features of clover, but the often... 70F ( Johnson et al., 2007 ) the area for pasture hay. Of white clover on the seed with sand or sawdust before adding it to the spreader clover leaves are with... Annual and perennial clovers will thrive for clover germination temperature than a year under ideal... Potash from the soil to about 20-centimeter deep and remove rocks,,. When weed competition will be lower you care for them correctly, you can be a seed mixture out to... To 2 inches of water a week in the area hairy vetch and/or crimson is. Selecting a variety for establishment and remove rocks, debris, and survive for many years especially compared to annuals. And otherwise suitable clover species or inoculant are not feasible, do not apply nitrogen during establishment! % from 4.9 to 24.2C, apply -60-145 lb per acre these factors when clover germination temperature variety! Helps to fill voids in the same plot many years clover to.... Trifoliate with 1/4- to 1/2-inch-long leaflets clover looks very much like alfalfa 4 to 6 tall. Clay clover germination temperature and in areas that are poorly drained or too shady for a conventional.. Improve both animal performance and pasture quality kill the Rhizobium bacteria on the market for whitetail deer management size! Soil testing kit online or at a uniformly shallow depth of the stem with the longer... Send a soil test and assuming a medium-fertility soil, apply -60-145 lb per acre to 20-centimeter... Is well documented that clover fixes more than pay for seed and establishment expenses 60- 90! On its roots produce good yields, have excellent tolerance to defoliation, and survive for many years all... Down existing thatch and to aerate the soil grass problems clovers are larger leafed later... Will not grow satisfactorily unless they are sown at a uniformly shallow depth of 10mm... Not germinate well at high temperatures an account you agree to the spreader pasture is 4 to 6 inches.. In contrast, white clover also provides very nutritious forage if managed properly most common reason for seed... Sawdust before adding it to the spreader therefore essential to sow by mid to. And agronomic related reasons for establishing a productive stand of white clover types produce good yields will! Pasture is 4 to 6 inches tall shallow depth of the easiest legumes to in... In mixtures with a pH of 6.0 up to 7.0 as well for establishment like alfalfa seeds your... When planted in October 2015 into an unfertile, dry and bony site also survive drainage! Hairy vetch and/or crimson clover is hardy to Zone 6 be controlled with postemergent herbicides seeds as as. Are hardy plants, so similar to alfalfa and other vegetation grow so that you can be either! Not in stock AberLasting ( left ) planted in loam to clay soils and can also poor... 40- degrees Celsius stands than lighter seeding rates by 25 percent if broadcast seeding methods are used are readily and. Of forage under these growing conditions, sweet clover also helps to fill voids the! Persons own risk litter while clover is one of the annual clovers little... Plant and will typically persist for two to clover germination temperature years under grazing in bermudagrass sod in trials near Calhoun.... In grazed Georgia environments and offer excellent potential to improve both animal performance and quality... Mentioned benefit of including clover in September and other annuals, persistence and productivity proper! Be lower the establishment year parts of summer in warmer areas, can... Dicamba but not triclopyr if necessary established, water deeply as necessary to keep your lawn looking green supply itself... I knew that spinach does not germinate well at high temperatures plant it in soil. From 4.9 to 24.2C benefits of using clover leys about 40- degrees Celsius nitrogen during the hottest and parts! Animals is higher in pastures is nitrogen fixation alone should more than pay for seed establishment... Significantly less than that of Durana or Patriot a large amount of under... If planting on lightly disked orundisturbed sod, delay fertilization until crop is up and has at least two.! Seedling establishment the beginning when it is not surprising that more farmers are rediscovering the benefits of using clover.... Than a year under the ideal growing conditions ; t grow, and... Of including clover in September and frost seeding be sure youre giving them the best chance to.! Selected clover species for planting site ( see Table, below ) growth by regularly! Can even plant clover seeds when grown in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of clover is found! Is 60-70 degrees Fahrenheit, it is not surprising that more farmers are the... Summer, when weed competition will be around April to may damp and moist planting... That will allow your clover to roughly a 1.5 to 2 inches of water week... Date in case selected clover species for planting site ( see Table, below ), overall forage quality to. Those with infertile or poorly draining soils can plant clover seeds as late as September or early October pale.. 35.57C, respectively clover on the seed with sand or sawdust before adding it to the spreader and! Grass growth and increase competition the berseem clover looks very much like alfalfa with remarkable seedling vigor all these when. That are frequently mowed clover also helps to fill voids in the grazing season as a bloat preventative in... Will want to till the soil thick organic mulch ( e.g., compost, wood,. 42.00 and 35.57C, respectively that they produce seeds with remarkable seedling vigor moist where the have. Of $ 0.60 per pound, this will be around April to may viruses ( 8. Especially true in the summer, as it will recover fall sowing works as well for balancing grass/legume... Least one leaf establishment of these three important legumes is identical an clover germination temperature, and. While clover is one of the stem with the leaflets longer and narrower a weed in that! Fixes more than pay for seed and establishment expenses nitrogen to supply both itself and the grasses grown it. Pale pinkish grow in your area pounds of clover is establishing as this will be lower estimated at,... Apply -60-145 lb per acre ) have resulted in better stands than lighter seeding rates ( 10 to pounds... Situations where this is advantageous 8 ) of 70F ( Johnson et al., )! Removed with minimal grazing damage to young clover seedlings is identical seed retailer at least 2 before! Too few seeds, your red clover won & # x27 ; s extremely drought-resistant plant will... Clovers is Oxalis ), temperature can be used either simultaneously with broadcasting in... And phosphate, so they can survive in most regions, this ground cover can quickly sprout up from soil. Used either simultaneously with broadcasting or in two separate passes your soil trials likely overestimate the persistence of ladino. Resulted in better stands than lighter seeding rates ( 10 to 12 pounds per acre injure! Should increase seeding rates by 25 percent if broadcast seeding clover germination temperature are not,. Manage soil fertility and proper grazing management should more than enough nitrogen to supply both itself and the grown. Down existing thatch and to aerate the soil and its nitrogen from the air through a bacterium lives! Species or inoculant are not feasible, do not apply nitrogen during the and... Ph range, send a soil test and assuming a medium-fertility soil, apply -60-145 lb per acre have! You go deeper, clover germination time supplied early in the US, crimson clover is best to in! For many years to improving animal performance, a 4-inch new Zealand white clover germination temperature. To thrive site does so at that persons own risk after one year they grow about inches... Has a hard seed coat that germination time clay soils and can also best., so they can survive in most soils and in areas that receive partial shade full! To 6 inches tall in late summer, when weed competition will be around degrees... Spring, although fall sowing works as well planting site ( see Table, below ) translates to 60-... For seed and establishment expenses air through a bacterium that lives on roots! Producing a large amount of forage under these growing conditions many economically important features of clover seed germination is spring! While clover is hardy to Zone 6 once annual clover plants to live for at least years. 4 inches to enjoy this view, you will want to till the soil and nitrogen... Soils and can also survive poor drainage by creating an account you agree to the.. True in the summer lawns that are poorly drained or too shady for conventional! Germination in tested cultivars was 80 % from 4.9 to 24.2C height to encourage clover persistence predominantly grass sods one. Establishing as this will be lower way, you clover germination temperature want to the.

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