how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russiahow does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia

By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. This step is critical to inform cyberspace defensive planning and operations. Lyle J. Morris, Michael J. Mazarr @MMazarr, et al. Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary. Regarding the timeline for when Spacecom/Cybercom will be successful with fully operational capabilities, it is prudent to accept it cannot be before CyberSpaceCom commands and exercises their leadership control with missions it has given the president to announce in any novel policy decision which has the Unites States demonstrating attractive leadership, mutually beneficial to all, globally. While the authors are all affiliated with different institutions, they have written this paper in their personal capacity, representing the views of neither their organizations nor their governments. 93, May 17 2021. Finally, as noted above, the U.S. and Russian authors disagree on the likelihood of success should Washington and Moscow attempt to cooperate on combatting cybercrime. The DOD cyberspace backbone is called the DODIN. The organizations most applicable for being supported by CCMDs are USCYBERCOM, Joint Force Headquarters DODIN (JFHQ-DODIN), and Joint Force Headquarters Cyber (JFHQ-Cyber), with the service cyber components (SCCs) supporting the CCMDs. Answered by ImeeOngDalagdagan. Using insights from the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset, this policy brief by Ketaki Zodgekar outlines key trends in the use of sexual violence in Russias war against Ukraine between 2014 and 2021. An attack is based on the effects that are caused, rather than the means by which they are achieved. At least some officials on both sides, apparently, view civilian infrastructure as an appropriate and perhaps necessary lever to deter the other. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach Polyethylene Film / PE Sheet These concepts describe the approach required for the cyberspace domain. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Like the air domain, military space experts especially in the Air Force argued against creating a separate service. There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense (Figure 1). By Natasha Yefimova-Trilling and Simon Saradzhyan, In recent years, as news of U.S.-Russian tensions in the cyber domain has dominated headlines, some strategic thinkers have pointed to the need for a bilateral cyber rules of the road agreement. crucial to the global internets very function, exploit or protect those points of leverage. Pinterest. Cyber Bones of Contention in US-Russian Relations 37 The notion that Russia's 2016 effort to affect the U.S. presidential election was a Cyber or Political Pearl Harbor is an appropriate comparison only in the sense that U.S. officials were blindsided by Moscow's distinct approach to cyber warfare: an almost seamless blend of psychological and technical operations that differs from most Western concepts. The process of identifying this terrain requires both technical understanding and knowledge of the commanders missions. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate (CADD) Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education If the goal of concluding a U.S.-Russian cyber treaty were to become more realistic, the U.S. authors conclude that buy-in from the U.S. legislative branch would be crucial and rules that narrowly focus on technical infrastructurefor example, forbidding illicit changes to ballots or hacks of election software and hardwaremay be the most palatable for both sides, as opposed to broader, more general rules. Autor; Categora public pools savannah, ga; Fecha . Making sure leaders and their staff are cyber fluent at every level so they all know when decisions can help or harm cybersecurity. Cambridge, MA 02138 We cant do this mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness. Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman write in their 2019 article Weaponized Interdependence [PDF] about panopticons in networks, which states can use to gather strategically valuable information, and chokepoints in networks, which provide opportunities to deny network access to adversaries. States with control of such points on the global internet network have leveragesuch as with how the National Security Agency has long benefited in signals intelligence from the many internet data centers and exchange points on the American mainland. Is Chinas Huawei a Threat to U.S. National Security? Hearing some of these calls, we at Russia Matters and the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism were moved to probe them further: Is a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement feasible? The DODIN is DODs classified and unclassified enterprise. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. limiting the collective reach of U.S. cyber operations at any given time; it also ignores the concept of points of leverage in the broader internet ecosystem. November 4, 2022 Information Quality Note: Please see the explanation below for further . Space Force Moreover, it is a policy of NDIA to take appropriate actions under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and other applicable intellectual property laws. It offers a separate voice within the military for the use of airpower on the strategic stage. - War on the Rocks, How Russian cyberwarfare could impact Ukraine & NATO response, DOD's Cyber Strategy: 5 Things to Know - U.S. Department of Defense, NATO-INDUSTRY FORUM 2019 - BREAKOUT SESSION ONE Tasking, Collecting, Russia-Ukraine conflict: How NATO, Minsk accords factor into the crisis, DOD Official Outlines U.S. Nuclear Deterrence . Russias Approach to Internet and Information Regulation: Like the Space Forces No Day Without Space, a Cyber Force with authorities that parallel the Coast Guards Title 14 USC would support national strategy and protect our homeland from the disastrous consequences of A Day Without Cyberspace. Unlike space, cyberspace has a critical parallel with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and overwhelmingly used for commerce. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138Locations & Directions, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, U.S. officials fret about Moscow's ability to wield its authoritarian power to corral Russian academia, the private sector, and criminal networks to boost its cyber capacity while insulating state-backed hackers from direct attribution. The relevant cyberspace actions to protect cyberspace are cyberspace security and cyberspace defense. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. Conclusions and Recommendations 63Conclusion: In Search of Understanding 65 DACO has been delegated to JFHQ-DODIN and provides authority to direct cyberspace operations related to global DODIN operations and DCO-IDM within each DOD components DAO. The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. However, growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors threaten those values,the Defense Department's principal director for Cyber Policy said. The Russian author believes that taking this stance effectively dumps all cyber issuesexistential and notin a single heap, hampering progress on high-stakes mutual threats because they are entangled with, and excessively politicized by, issues that are lower-stakes but more controversial.). C.V. Starr & Co. Both view the other as a highly capable adversary. Automation and large-scale data analytics will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are still effective. There are no physical forces to defeat in cyberspace, but rather there are adversary cyberspace effects that can be defeated through various means ranging from friendly CO to delivering targeted kinetic effects. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School. While the United States has displayed a growing willingness to launch operations against Russia, Moscow has somewhat bolstered its military cyber capacity by expanding recruiting initiatives and malware development. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. Each CCMD has DAO-level CSSPs and NOCs. This effort includes working with allies and partners, she noted. Trey Herr is director of the Atlantic Councils Cyber Statecraft Initiative (@CyberStatecraft). We will give a quick summary of these organizations as this will help you understand when we address the complications and solutions for CCMDs. - Slate, Analysis & Opinions By no means should the Kremlin's activity go unanswered. (Figure 4). Cyberspace is a wild west with a low barrier to entry where both nations and criminals can exploit it for their own ends. the astrophysical journal pdf; upright go 2 posture trainer; elevator archdragon peak; quinoa production in peru; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Training and Education Command(TECOM) The Russian Federation's willingness to engage in offensive cyber operations has caused enormous harm, including massive financial losses, interruptions to the operation of critical infrastructure, and disruptions of crucial software supply chains. Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar The Russian author does not speculate on national interests per se but does describe major cyber-related disagreements between Russia and the U.S. in at least three major areas: the role of government in overseeing cyberspace; the militarization of cyberspace and the related applicability of existing international law; and the idea of legally binding treaties versus non-binding guidelines for how information and communication technologies should be used. 27. While all the authors describe steps that the two sides could take now, the U.S. authors devote considerable attention to five prerequisites they consider necessary for the start of future talks on bilateral cyber rules of the road: codified procedural norms (as noted above), the appropriate rank of participants on both sides, clear attribution standards, a mutual understanding of proportional retaliatory actions and costly signaling., The Russian author believes that Moscow must agree to discuss cyber-related topics in a military context. In January 2019, the DOJ announced criminal indictments against malicious cyber actors associated with the Chinese Ministry of State Security for conducting a global campaign to compromise service providers to facilitate their cyber theft for economic gain, she said. January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive While establishing cyber norms and rules that can apply on an international scale is a worthy goal, it does not negate the benefits of a bilateral agreement. Figure1: Cyberspace Operations Missions, Actions, and Forces. Without the advocacy of a distinct service, robust and thoughtful debate on the appropriate use of air power by the other services may have suffered. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, The U.S. Should Make Leverage the Foundation of Its Cyber Strategy, David Vergun/U.S. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Analysis & Opinions China is using cyber espionage for military and economic advantages, Mortelmans said. to reduce the risk of major cyberattacks on them. The United States is arriving late to a showdown that many officials in Russian defense circles saw coming a long time ago, when U.S. policymakers were understandably preoccupied with the exigencies of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. [4] Defense Information System Agency Joint Force Headquarters Department of Defense Information Network, Capabilities: Connecting and Protecting the Warfighting in Cyberspace, 2019, https://www.disa.mil/-/media/Files/DISA/Fact-Sheets/DISA-Capabilities.ashx. 2, 2021. In 2018, the Council of Economic Advisors stated that the cost to the United States from malicious cyber activity was estimated between " 57 billion and $109 billion in 2016 .". Despite a desire to understand cyberspace and to protect ourselves, a dearth of clear, concise guidance for the joint force has led to a lack of emphasis on cyberspace and cyberspace security in planning and operations. VA These DOD cyberspace efforts include standardizing network sensors, implementing tiered local/region/global data aggregation, using the data to establish role-based common operating pictures, implementing zero trust architecture, and possibly even establishing a cyber service to advocate cyber power with a separate voice within the military. If so, what form could it take? /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, Sleep Deprivation Could Do Long-Term Damage to Migrant Children, How China Understands and Assesses Military Balance, Russian Military Operations in Ukraine in 2022 and the Year Ahead. FOIA Both the U.S. and Russia are exposed to threats emanating from the cyber domain that can result in economic losses, political instability, erosion of public trust, extremist violence and other physical harm, as well as the destruction of military and civilian infrastructure. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. Adopting standardized cybersecurity reporting practices such as the DOD cybersecurity analysis and review (DODCAR) methodology and cyber threat framework that provide effective, and readily digestible, cybersecurity risk information. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. Additionally, the joint force function of protecting cyberspace consists largely of cyberspace security actions, and when required, cyberspace defense actions. Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:An American Perspective 7 Navy Warfare Development Center (NWDC) History demonstrates a consistent precedent for the US: new warfighting domains result in military reorganization, reevaluation of doctrine, and a good deal of debate. Russia is conducting cyber espionage that has the potential to disrupt critical infrastructure and erode confidence in America's democratic system, she said. The CCMDs are supported for CO in their AOR or for their transregional responsibilities, with CDRUSCYBERCOM supporting as necessary. You are also agreeing to our. While the Russian author believes the U.S. should be more open to dialogue without preconditions, the American authors call for codified procedures for negotiations, with a clearly defined timeline and set list of topics, as one of the conditions for moving toward a bilateral cyber agreement. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Additionally, once all MRT-C and KT-C are identified, the information should be stored and shared using an existing secure database. This raises the distinction between chokepoints and leverage, however, where leverage provides highly scalable effects on cybersecurity (i.e., small inputs yielding outsized change across a system or ecosystem) and imposes significant costs for comparatively small input. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder The U.S. authors believe that barring certain attacks on critical infrastructure would be the most important item to include in a bilateral rules-of-the-road agreement and, considering the unlikeliness of such an agreement anytime soon, this goal could be pursued outside the framework of a formal treaty as well. Under current doctrine, securing cyberspace falls within the DODIN operations mission. At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. They are also both areas where small changes would yield massive gains in cybersecurity, underscoring that, as we previously argued, one of the best ways to approach a U.S. foreign policy for the internet is to identify crucial points of leverage in the ecosystem to maximize security gains. Privacy Program, Army 2020 National Defense Industrial Association. Yet, the services have their own network operating independently within the CCMD AOR and, therefore, the CCMD is unaware of all activities that could have an impact on their current and future operations. [1] Secretary Mattis Remarks on U.S. National Defense Strategy, January 19, 2018, C-SPAN, video, 49:06, https://www.c-span.org/video/?439945-1/secretary-mattis-delivers-remarks-us-national-defense-strategy. [8] Joseph R. Biden Jr., Executive Order 14028, Improving the Nations Cybersecurity, Federal Register, Volume 86, No. Force Readiness Command In the case of . The two research teams did not communicate with one another during the writing process; this approach was chosen in order to juxtapose the two sides viewpoints as starkly as possible, identifying and highlighting salient differences as well as areas for potential cooperation. A dual identity (military and law enforcement) and alignment under the Department of Homeland Security allow a separate cyber service to protect our nations global infrastructure from state actors who will be indistinguishable from criminal threats. with Jeremi Suri If you violate this Legal Notice, NDIA may, in its sole discretion, delete the unacceptable content from your posting, remove or delete the posting in its entirety, issue you a warning, and/or terminate your use of the NDIA site. Although both sides have been targeting each other's infrastructure since at least 2012, according to the Times article, the aggression and scope of these operations now seems unprecedented. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. The U.S. and Russia should consider barring cyber operations aimed at certain critical systems belonging to the other, chief among them nuclear weapons systems. The Russian author points out that the world is getting increasingly divided over two competing approaches to managing cyberspace, with Western democracies dominating one side and Russia and China the other. [2] Garamone, Jim, Global Integration Seeks to Buy Leaders Decision Time, Increase Speed of Relevance, DOD News, July 2, 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1565240/global-integration-seeks-to-buy-leaders-decision-time-increase-speed-of-relevan/. Mattis.[1]. Until we do this we will never be standardized in any of our efforts for protecting the DOD and we will never attain cyber supremacy. Both the air and space domains offer historic parallels worthy of consideration. Why Life is Complicated for Combatant Commands. Optimizing the mix of service members, civilians and contractors who can best support the mission. More than 5.3 million others are still estimated to be . Setting and enforcing standards for cybersecurity, resilience and reporting. The Kremlin's cyber authorities, for instance, hold an almost immutable view that the United States seeks to undermine Russia's global position at every turn along the digital front, pointing to U.S. cyber operations behind global incidents that are unfavorable to Moscow's foreign policy goals. Expanding DoD cyber cooperation with interagency, industry, and international partners . (Photo by Josef Cole), Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret.) Whatever their similarities in cyber targeting, Moscow and Washington faced different paths in developing capabilities and policies for cyber warfare, due in large part to the two sides' vastly different interpretations of global events and the amount of resources at their disposal. One thing though all can be certainly sure of, is that there are others out there based in many places elsewhere, who be of a similar persuasion to be a pioneering prime lead in such a predominant field of ACTive IT Endeavour, and equally enthusiastically interested in programs and projects of advanced intelligent design built and maintained to not fail, and being further developed to exceed all expectations with guaranteed stability in overwhelmingly powerful performance situations/great game changing events. Such ensures that its programs and projects not only do not fail but also encourage enthusiastic, increasing, positively reinforcing support with widespread acceptance of the visions provided, and to be subsequently eventually, and as soon as is possible, realised and presented in media via US based/US centric proprietary advanced intellectual property means, inclusive of exclusive virtual memes. USCYBERCOM has directive authority for cyberspace operations (DACO), established by CJCS EXORD, that enables DOD-wide synchronized protection of the DODIN. The SolarWinds incident spurred a flurry of debates about whether the U.S. Department of Defenses 2018 defend forward strategy should, or could, have prevented the calamity. Securing DoD information and systems against malicious cyber activity, including DoD information on non-DoD-owned networks; and 5. For services, report the status of relevant cyberspace terrain to the appropriate CCMD, based on geographic or functional responsibility. Madeline Mortelmansspoke today at an event hosted by the Association of European Journalists in Madrid, Spain. Within each DOD component constructed network are thousands of subordinate networks, information technology equipment, tools and applications, weapon system technologies and data spanning across bases, posts, camps, and station levels. In the awkward space between war and peace, Russian cyber operations certainly benefit from the highly permissive, extralegal mandate granted by an authoritarian state, one that Washington would likely be loath (with good reason) to replicate out of frustration. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Figure 2: The 44 DOD Components of the DODIN. Navy Accurate reporting of the cybersecurity status of DOD cyberspace is critical. This is different from a traditional campaign designed around the idea that the world is either at peace or at war. Yet, there is a lack of shared understanding about cyberspace across the DOD and the joint force and even less understanding of how the DOD should protect its cyberspace. Marine Corps Russian Threat Perception Vis--Vis US Cyber Priorities 45 "It is the only country with a heavy global footprint in both civil and military. [10] Raymond, John W., We Need to Focus on Space, We Dont Need a Space Corp, Defense One, July 20, 2017, https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2017/07/we-need-focus-space-we-dont-need-space-corps/139360/. One example of the Department of Defense's way to leverage the cyberspace enterprise to further the United State's interest in relation to NATO is to collaborate with international partners especially with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members. Cyberspace is critical to the way the entire U.S. functions. Joint Cyberspace Organizations, Structures, Roles, and Responsibilities. The U.S. and Russia should strive toward a much better understanding of one anothers red lines (i.e., what actions would trigger retaliation, especially kinetic retaliation) and cyber-mission priorities, intents, capabilities and organization. Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. Andrey Krutskikh, the Kremlin's bombastic point man on cyber-diplomacy issues, likened Russia's development of cyber capabilities that year to the Soviet Union's first successful atomic bomb test in 1949. Open and reliable access to the Internet is essential for global security and prosperity. Kyle Hanslovan, a cyber-warfare specialist serving with the 175th Cyberspace Operations Group of the Maryland Air National Guard, works in the Hunter's Den at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Md., Dec. 2, 2017. This is also the case for combatant commands with functional responsibilities since many global capabilities are provided by the military services. Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. tel: (703) 522-1820. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. While the U.S. authors believe that the two sides must decide how cyber negotiations would fit within the broader bilateral relationship and geopolitical context, the Russian author recommends his own approach to such talksnamely, distinguishing between areas where Moscow and Washington can work together against third parties and those where they are negotiating about the rules for working against each other by separating talks into two coordinated tracks: military and diplomatic. ), established by CJCS EXORD, that enables DOD-wide synchronized protection of the status! Decisions can help or harm cybersecurity Volume 86, no MMazarr, et al this work is licensed Creative. 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