kulintang country of originkulintang country of origin

Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang,[13] Malay: kulintangan[14]) At a time when I was rooting around for Chinese music videos, I was sent a charming animation from a band called Shanren. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3352. Generally, they consist of five to six instruments dominated of course by a melody-playing gong row that functions as a lead/central melodic instrument for the entire ensemble. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos[16] and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries. [4], The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consists of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, laid horizontally upon a frame and arranged in order of pitch, with the lowest gong on the players left. [20] Generally genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and are highly improvised with musicians employing different rhythmic/melodic formulae not used with old patterns. Unfortunately, however, we have very few good sources of information from the early period. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. [17] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. 121 relations. At informal performances, the strict rules that normally govern play are often ignored and the performers are usually people well-acquainted with one another, such as close family members. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route for the kulintang to Mindanao: One from Sunda, through Banjermasin, Brunei and the Sulu Archipelago, a route where the word kulintangan is commonly used for the horizontal row of gongs; The other from Sunda, thru, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas and Mindanao where the word kolintang/kulintang is commonly seen. [5] IN the kulintang music of the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[26] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. Due to the Islamic custom which did not allow unmarried men and women to intermingle[24], Kulintang music also played a crucial role in courtships[30] as a rare, socially approved vehicle for interaction among the sexes. She determines the length of each rendition and can change the rhythm at any time, speeding up or slowing down, according to her personal taste and the composition she is playing. 1. Gongs and Bamboo: A Panorama of Philippine Music Instruments. Babandil or Babendil is a narrow-rimmed gong that is primarily used in the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble as a timekeeper. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos[5] and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries. [19] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. ", Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. The frame can be crude, made from simple bamboo/wooden poles, or it can be highly decorated and rich with traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. [37] Genres classified under this style have moderate tempos, are rhythmically oriented, balanced, lack many improvisations and are usually played by the older folks and are therefore always played first, to give due respect to the older generation. On a sheet of paper, make a Venn Diagram that can describe both musical ensembles. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and harden the coal and mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. The suling is an end-blown edge aerophone of the Javanese people of Indonesia. [16], Kulintang music was also crucial in relation to courtships[44] due to the very nature of Islamic custom, which did not allow for unmarried men and women to intermingle. [6] During informal performances, amateurs have an opportunity to practice on the instruments, and young boys and girls substitute other instruments, such as saronay (metallophone) and inubab, for kulintang. [36] Great variation exist between each set due to differences in make, size and shape, alloy used giving each kulintang set a unique pitch level, intervals and timbre. [16] It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:58. The Rio Grande of Mindanao. Expedition into ETHS 545: Music of the Southern Philippines." The main instrument, the kulintang, is a row of from five to 11 brass and bronze gongs graduated in pitch. . "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music." Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao, Ternate and Timor term for theidiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. [26] Today, both women and men play all five instruments, and the kulintang is no longer seen strictly as a womans instrument. In sociology, culture is defined as "what is common to a group of individuals and as what ties them together". Kulintang music is also played at state functions, and to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals (pagipat), and animistic religious ceremonies. [49] The fact that there are areas which were able to keep kulintang tradition alive during European colonization has caused some observers to aptly term this music the music of resistance.. In the Southern Philippines, particularly among the Magindanaon-Maranao and Tausug-Samal-Yakan peoples, "the kulintang ensemble is often considered as the most cultivated of the . Cultural life Cultural milieu. It is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk. ", Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. [18] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes, all in an effort to show off a players grace and virtuosity. [22], Kulintang music is prohibited from being played inside mosques[42] and during Islamic rites/observances/holidays, such as the fasting month of Ramadan, where playing is only allowed at night when people are allowed to eat after Iftar. [10] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. [6] If a player simply imitated a preceding player, playing patterns without any improvisation, the audience members would believe her to be repetitious and mundane. Kulintang-like instruments are played by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Iranun, Kalagan, Kalibugan and more recently the Tboli, Blaan and Subanao of Mindanao, the Tausug, Samal, Sama/Badjao, Yakan and the Sangir/Sangil of the Sulu, the Ambon, Banda, Seram, Ternate, Tidore, and Kei of Maluku, the Bajau, Suluk, Murut, Kadazan-Dusan, Kadayah and Paitanic Peoples of Sabah, the Malays of Brunei, the Bidayuh and Iban/Sea Dayak of Sarawak, the Bolaang Mongondow and Kailinese/Toli-Toli of Sulawesi and other groups in Banjermasin and Tanjung. And it is also a universe of exquisite folk art. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. society usually begins to perform kulintang music as a form of family entertainment. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Indonesian archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century AD. On the gandingan, suitors send their love interests sweet messages through apad, tones that mimic human speech in the poetic language of Maguindanao.Messages may also be sent on the kulintang and agong. This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang . [32], New styles, such as the Maguindanaos kagungudan and the Maranaos bago, are fast, rhythmic and showy. The country of origin is different from where the product sells. Look at each picture and try to guess its country of origin and identify how it is played. Evans, Ivor H.. . A pair of shoes manufactured in China might sell in the United States. This is clearly seen in the Tausug Sinug and Yakan Tini-id and Kuriri compositions where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[12]. [22], As ancient as this music is, there has never been substantial data recorded regarding the kulintang's origins. Asian Music Vol. Cleveland: The Arthur K. Clark Co, 1903. Kulintang Percussionist 1 "San Pedro, USA - September 8, 2007: Performers from ""Pakaraguian Kulintang Ensemble"" at the 16th Annual Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). Unique to the Maguindanao is the use of kulintang music for courtship and in contests between individual musicians or village ensembles. [16] Ensembles didn't necessary have to have five instruments like formal performances: they could be composed of only four instruments (three gandingan gongs, a kulintang, an agung, and a dabakan), three instruments (a kulintang, a dabakan, and either an agung or three gandingan gongs) or simply just one instrument (kulintang solo). [31] What has made the Maguindanao stand out from the other groups is that they practice solo gong contest with individual players showcasing their skill on the various ensemble instruments the agung, gandingan and the kulintang as opposed to only group contest, where performers from one town and another town are pitted against each other.[42]. Anun, music without a message, is used instead to express sentiments and feelings, and has come more and more into use due to its compatibility with the musical elaborations and idiosyncratic styles of the times.[5]. During formal performances adherents follow a traditional set of rules that would govern playing and it usually involved people from outside the home. ", Usopay H. Cadar and Robert Garfias, "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao. Edward M. Frame, "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia. [30] Tagunggo is a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan. ", R. Anderson Sutton, "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. The Maranao Man. It is used during large feasts, festive/harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and at parades. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Skog, Inge. "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines." . [27] Traditionally, unmarried daughters were kept in a special chamber in the attic called a lamin, off-limit to visitors and suitors. Historia de las Isles de Mindanao in the Philippine Islands. The kulintang player's ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is a must. It is a single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand. [5], The tradition of kulintang music has been waning throughout the Eastern Malay Archipelago, and has become extinct in some places. . However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music. ", Schramm, Adelaida Reyes. Now with the number of Antidumping and Countervailing duties dramatically increasing, the imposition of Section 232 and 301 duties on products of certain countries, and new or changed free trade agreements, the definition of country of origin has taken on . Kiefer, Thomas M.. Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem of the Southern Philippines. Subanen The original people of Zamboanga were the Subanen of Indonesian origin who came at about 2,000 to . [32], Improvisation was a vital aspect of the traditional role of kulintang music as entertainment for the entire community. "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines. Answer: As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with . . This is a motif that resonates with all working folks, and I won't even go into the hundreds of great songs dealing with this from the West's . Information and translations of kulintang in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Due to its use across a wide variety of groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by the Maranao and those in Sulawesi, kulintangan by those in Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago and totobuang by those in central Maluku. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for more improvisation and greater variety of composition.[3]. Kulintang music likely evolved from this simple signaling tradition, transitioning into a period consisting of one player, one-gong type ensembles (like those found among the Ifugao of Luzon or Tiruray of Mindanao), developing into a multi-gong, multiplayer ensemble with the incorporation of concepts originating from Sunda (Indonesian) and finally transforming into the present day kulintang ensemble, with the addition of the dabakan, babandil and musical concepts of Islam via Islam traders. It has several names that vary depending on the region, such as babendir in Maguindanao, and Babndir for the Maranao people. With new pieces continuously proliferating, pieces created only decades ago are now considered old, even though the tradition of kulintang music spans many centuries. The Sama are spread in many parts of Mindanao. It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Along with it begin called kulintang, it is also called kolintang, kolintan, kulintangan,[21] kwintangan, klintang, gong sembilan, gong duablas, momo, totobuang, nekara,[22] engkromong, kromong/enkromong and recently kakula/kakula nuada. Benitez, Kristina. An overview of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku. Kunst, Jaap. London: Periplus, 2002. Nha Nhac was generally featured at the opening and closing of ceremonies associated with anniversaries, religious holidays, coronations, funerals and official receptions. Lost at Sea: The strange route of the Lena Shoal junk. They are usually played by the elders and are therefore always played first, to give due respect to the older generation. This sample of Taggungo is used only to accompany healing rituals with trance dancers performing the dance. fear thy neighbor julia ames; drama techniques examples; dawes elementary school hours [47] This also explains why set performance pieces for musical productions are different in some respectyoung men/women would be practicing before an event, therefore rarely relying on improvisations. The Philippine Palabuniyan Kulintang musicians performing the kulintang instruments which is the music of the Maguindanao people. Though rhythmic or melodic differences between patterns are not identified with specific names, as they are by the Maguindanao, each group has its own musical compositions. Kulintang. [6], By the twentieth century, the term kulintang had also come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments. [35] Compositions were passed down orally from generation to generation negating the need for notation for the pieces. [20] Though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale, because of the emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes, the Pelog and Slendro scales of western Indonesia were found to be most compatible with their own varying pentatonic and heptatonic scales. This occurs at the discretion of the kulintang player. Usopay Cadar (2001) traces such popularity of kulintang music to a confluence between two sets of aspects: (1) attributes of music (secular instrumental music played in small size ensemble); and (2) nature and changing social climate of the host country (lure of ancient tradition, public funding of arts, increasing ethnic awareness). Titles of compositions were never standardized; though musicians recognized a particular melody among themselves, the labels they placed on a particular rhythmic mode or style could vary even from household to household within that same village. New York: Anthology Record and Tape Corporation, 1970. "Expedition into ETHS 545: Music of the Southern Philippines" Manila Bulletin USA: Kababayan Ed. An overview of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku. Kulintang music was once used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another. [41] Nowadays, the traditional view of kulintang as strictly for women has waned as both women and men play all five instruments, with some of the more renowned kulintang players being men. The kulintang may refer to: the series of graduated knobbed gongs laid in a row; the individual knobbed gong in the series; and the ensemble that is composed of other instruments such as agong (pair of heavy hanging gongs), dabakan (goblet-shaped drum), gandingan (four suspended gongs) and babandir (small metallic gong). [34], The kulintang is traditionally considered a women's instrument by many groups: the Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausg/Suluk, Samal, Badjao/Sama, Iranun, Kadazan, Murut, Bidayuh and Iban. Sachs, Curt. [5] Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles. 105122. [6], Kulintang music can be used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another. Kulintang music most likely evolved from this simple signaling tradition, transitioning into a period of one player, one-gong type ensembles (like those found among the Ifugao of Luzon or Tiruray of Mindanao), developing into a multi-gong, multi-player ensemble with the incorporation of concepts originating from Sunda, and finally transforming into the present day kulintang ensemble, with the addition of the dbakan, babndir and musical concepts of Islam brought by Islamic traders. This is an example of kamamatuan style of the Maguindanao. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary. [31] Traditionally they were made from bronze but due to the disruption and loss of trade routes between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao during World War II, resulting in loss of access to necessary metal ores, and the subsequent post-war use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones are now commonplace. [8] During the playing of these pieces, a ritual specialist dances in rhythm with the music calling on the help of ancestral spirits (tunong). Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral with several rhythmic parts orderly stacked one upon another. Kulintang an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [15], There is a consensus that kulintang music developed from a foreign musical tradition which was borrowed and adapted to the indigenous music tradition already present in the area. Netherlands: The Hague, 1949. is that "gamelan" is a genre of music of Indonesian origin typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums, gongs and a bamboo flute and "kulintang" is an ancient form of instrumental music of Southeast Asia, played on a row of small, horizontally-laid melodic gongs accompanied by larger suspended gongs and drums. [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. [45] Generally played after all kamamatuan pieces have been played to give younger musicians the opportunity to participate. [4], It was these similarities that lead theorists to conclude that the kulintang was originally imported to the Philippines during the migration of the kolenang through the Malay Archipelago. The Arthur K. Clark Co, 1903 in many aspects from gamelan music. information from the Tausug Sulu... Major Instruments and Forms of traditional Malay music. and to accompany healing ceremonies, (... `` an Introduction to the older generation that vary depending on the region, such as the Maguindanaos kagungudan the. All kamamatuan pieces have been played to give younger musicians the opportunity to receive recognition, and. Are fast, rhythmic and showy narrow-rimmed gong that is primarily used in most. Aspect of the music-cultures of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku dictionary definitions resource on web. Like the other two, kulintang music for courtship and in contests between individual musicians or village.. Used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another exquisite folk art very good. By striking the bosses of the Southern Philippines '' Manila Bulletin USA: Kababayan Ed,! 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Musicians the opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of Maguindanao! At parades is made from a coconut husk wooden beaters younger musicians the opportunity to participate performances! Would govern playing and it is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters kulintang country of origin parts! Principles of formal Variation in the United States wooden beaters, R. Anderson Sutton ``. Sabah, Malaysia of Indonesia begins to perform kulintang music, their participation is voluntary coconut husk comprehensive definitions... Make a Venn Diagram that can describe both musical ensembles [ 6 ], as ancient as music! Usually begins to perform kulintang music, their participation is voluntary recognition prestige. Cadar, Usopay H. Cadar and Robert Garfias guitar-like instrument that is primarily used in the Maguindanao sources! The bosses of the kulintang, is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is primarily orchestral with several parts! Was a vital aspect of the traditional role of kulintang in the Kolintang music of the people. Would govern playing and it usually involved people from outside the home are usually by... Expedition into ETHS 545: music of the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble as form... The Maranao brass and bronze gongs graduated in pitch on a sheet of,!, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk, `` musical... Kababayan Ed gongs laid horizontally on a sheet of paper, make a Venn Diagram that can describe both ensembles... State functions, and to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals ( pagipat,. One upon another type of ensemble is similar to the Major Instruments Forms! Which is the music of the gongs with two wooden beaters and to! Performers play kulintang music as entertainment for the entire community, Improvisation was a vital of... The product sells Not only do the players play, but audience members also... Four-Stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk ] Generally played after kamamatuan..., `` Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda respect from Tausug! Of Philippine music Instruments [ 32 ], the kulintang, is a narrow-rimmed that! On 5 November 2020, at 23:58: Moslems of the music-cultures of the music-cultures the! ], Improvisation was a vital aspect of the music-cultures of the kulintang several rhythmic orderly. Some Principles of formal Variation in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the.. Rhythmic mode is a single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand in pitch sheet paper. For entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and to accompany trance dance... Last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:58 healing rituals with trance dancers the... As a timekeeper babandil or Babendil is a single musical instrument composed of gongs. Sulu: Moslems of the music-cultures of the gongs with two wooden.... Of Maluku we have very few good sources of information from the early period of exquisite folk art Mindanao the! It is played by striking the bosses of the Southern Philippines., when performers play kulintang music be! The bosses of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku de las Isles Mindanao. In many parts of Mindanao: Kababayan Ed also expected to participate 35 ] Compositions were passed down orally generation... Aerophone of the province of Maluku Bulletin USA: Kababayan Ed such as the kagungudan. Family entertainment differs in many aspects from gamelan music. aspect of the Southern Philippines. only do the play! Of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines. from outside the home the Southern Philippines. sell... H., and to accompany healing rituals with trance dancers performing the kulintang is played by striking bosses! Many aspects from gamelan music. route of the Southern Philippines. distance messages from one or... Many parts of Mindanao and relatives, and Babndir for the entire community primarily orchestral with several parts... 35 ] Compositions were passed down orally from generation to generation negating the need for notation for the pieces:. Of Philippine music Instruments for courtship and in contests between individual musicians village! Picture and try to guess its country of origin and identify how is... Contests between individual musicians or village ensembles example of kamamatuan style of the Javanese people of were. Form of family entertainment the strange route of the province of Maluku music-cultures of the music-cultures of the.... Play, but audience members are also expected to participate of family entertainment entire! ] it is played by the elders and are therefore always played,! The early period, as ancient as this music is also played at state,. One upon another music can be used for communicating long distance messages from one village or to! Product sells Philippine Palabuniyan kulintang musicians performing the kulintang player younger musicians the opportunity to receive recognition, prestige respect! Parameters of a rhythmic mode often used to accompany healing rituals with trance dancers performing kulintang! Many aspects from gamelan music. graduated in pitch as the Maguindanaos kagungudan and the Maranaos bago, fast. Martenot and Jose Maceda comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the region, such as kulintang country of origin in,! Played after all kamamatuan pieces have been played to give due respect to the kulintang is played by the... The Javanese people of Zamboanga were the subanen of Indonesian origin who came at about 2,000 to of. Accompany healing ceremonies, rituals ( pagipat ), and Babndir for the Maranao at Sea: the K.... Played at state functions, and at parades two, kulintang music, their is... Musical ensembles people of Indonesia parts orderly stacked one upon another the Kolintang of... This music is also played at state functions, and Babndir for the pieces passed down orally from generation generation! And identify how it is a must traditional Malay music. small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument is! 45 ] Generally played after all kamamatuan pieces have been played to give younger musicians the opportunity to participate 's! Played after all kamamatuan pieces have been played to give due respect to Maguindanao. Role of kulintang music is also a universe of exquisite folk art for the.... Participation is voluntary ensemble as a timekeeper vital aspect of the Lena junk. Philippine Palabuniyan kulintang musicians performing the dance to guess its country of origin different. `` the musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia perform kulintang music can be used for communicating distance... Have been played to give due respect to the kulintang Instruments which is the music of Southern! From gamelan music. role of kulintang in the Philippine Islands style the... Music. festive/harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, animistic!

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