Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Importantly, these measured size differences are real; they are not due to a miscalculation by the algorithm but due to the pressing of the tumor mass into the body. Imaging 16, 816 (2008). While the scanner only overestimates by about 2%, the caliper overestimates by 32%, as shown by the slope of the line being 1.32. Another approach is to utilize the scan images (Figure 14.) In a study done in England, the researchers at the end of their experiment, dissected tumors and measured their weight with a precise balance, and used these weight values of the tumors to compare results of the caliper and the scanner measurements. CAS Small MRI measurements were done in the Preclinical Imaging Center of Gedeon Richter Plc. We are sorry, but there is no personal subscription option available for your country. Even though all the three diameters can be measured, the estimation of the volume has quite a large error. For various tumors in mice, only one can be approximated in volume by an ellipsoid. Healthy tissues have efficient vasculature and effective blood supply due to the balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. 105, 2023 (1983). They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. (Fig 2). All rights reserved. With a caliper measurement, the angle at which the tool is held over the tumor will affect the obtained value, thus inducing an extra operator and manipulation sensitivity in the final results. In several recent studies ([21, 22]), tumor volume is calculated assuming ellipsoid shape: Using an extremely low dosage (as in our study), there is a high probability that these adverse effects can be minimized. Tumor volume was measured in two different ways. the tumor volume are made using digital calipers, and bio logical activity is quantified via the assessment of changes in tumor volume between treated and control mice. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2022 Dec 5;10:998013. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.998013. Figure 17. Calipers are invasive; they create undue stress on the animal through the awkward handling of the mouse by one hand during the measuring process. Fj^P;7? Hence, the first step has to be the vasculature normalization with the reconstruction of the balance of pro- and antiangiogenic factors. Comparing ARTIDA-calculated tumor volumes to the volumes derived from the caliper/ellipsoid formula calculations and referenced to the gold standard volume determination method (with literature density values), as it is shown in Figure 2A. e0142190. & Pisani, P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. Kim DK, Synn CB, Yang SM, Kang S, Baek S, Oh SW, Lee GJ, Kang HW, Lee YS, Park JS, Kim JH, Byeon Y, Kim YS, Lee DJ, Kim HW, Park JD, Lee SS, Lee JY, Lee JB, Kim CG, Hong MH, Lim SM, Kim HR, Pyo KH, Cho BC. Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors. The TM900 also stores an optical image in the measurement data base. An average penny has a diameter of 19 mm and a height of 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of 360.1 mm3. Imaging 33, 2737 (2006). In Figure 15., the linear regression equation for the best-fit line for VPleth values on the y-axis along with VC and VS values would be approximately y x, or y 1.00x + 0.00. ISSN 1548-4475 (online) The aim of this article is therefore to explain of the tumor volume formula and the problems associated with the caliper measurements. Combining Mechanisms of Growth Arrest in Solid Tumours: A Mathematical Investigation, Dramatic increase in volume versus length of invasive ductal carcinoma mimicking intramammary lymph node in a small nodular lesion, Alteration in Inflammasome Cytokine Profile and Functional Plasticity of Macrophage Phenotype in Arsenic(0) Nanoparticle Treated Murine Fibrosarcoma, Tumoral CD105 promotes immunosuppression, metastasis, and angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma, Cancel 19, 6170 (1989). The post hoc test resulted in the following. Therefor it allows a direct 3D capture of the volume. The third subphase (Phase III/3) was designed with the same bevacizumab administration as in Phase III/1 and Phase III/2; nevertheless, tumor volume was measured not only by caliper but by small animal MRI as well. The caliper-based findings can lead researchers to believe that the drug is less effective than it actually is because the change in tumor volume between the control and treatment groups is smaller. & Wieder, H. Monitoring chemotherapy and radiotherapy of solid tumors. Tumor volume (and the third diameter) has to be approximated, assuming a certain shape for the tumor. These measurements gave us accurate tumor volumes to compare the accuracy of this new technique in measuring tumor volumes. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help (3), Another relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [24]. CAS Notice that in the caliper group, the average standard deviation is larger than that of the group whose tumors were measured by Biopticons TumorImager scanner. Secondly, the aspect of side-effects are not inconsiderable. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. . In order to assess interobserver variation, each . According to angiogenic inhibitor administration, our hypothesis was that the effectiveness of a lower dosage with a quasi-continuous therapy can be comparable with the protocol therapy. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. B){00)Y$Ixlr{dYe}#@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ,^X_zN5:EZN]zM^k /Wu^ZZi#Ju.!L!z@u*kUim|+aZmjth-}z5'^|= 4L1_]qVZV*h@! This creates the possibility of further efficient therapeutic agent use (if any) or assists the more effective direct antitumoral effect of bevacizumab. The volume above the red area is not occupied by the tumor, as seen in Figure 8. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Pathol. Notice that the caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation. However, it has to be taken into consideration that in several cases using antiangiogenic therapy, tumor shape is irregular (berry-shaped). PhD from the 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Institute from Semmelweis University, Budapest, for making the fluorescence pictures with confocal microscope. Keller M, Rohlf K, Glotzbach A, Leonhardt G, Lke S, Derksen K, Demirci , Gener D, AlWahsh M, Lambert J, Lindskog C, Schmidt M, Brenner W, Baumann M, Zent E, Zischinsky ML, Hellwig B, Madjar K, Rahnenfhrer J, Overbeck N, Reinders J, Cadenas C, Hengstler JG, Edlund K, Marchan R. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. Physical activity cancer preventionmechanisms. The R2 value for the scanner is 0.99, as opposed to that for the caliper being 0.90, which signifies that the scanner is more precise in its measurements than the caliper. Figure 10. The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W (2) L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor . The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W2 L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor depth. (8) In the case2 group, one mouse died on the 8th day, before the therapy (bevacizumab administration) started. calculate an average volume based on two extreme segmentations; one including most of the border, and one excluding it. Position of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the animal. In order to assess the accuracy of tumor measurements by the scanner, we measured the volume of many tumors with a caliper (VC) and with the scanner (VS) first, then after terminating the animals we dissected tumors right around the edges and measured their volumes by dipping them in an accurate volume (VPleth) measuring device called Plethysmometer[8]. When the tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor volume were performed (with calipers) once per week. Comput. In Phase IV, case1 group members received 200 g bevacizumab (with 200 l 0.9% NaCl solution) in one dose intraperitoneally on the 8th day. The second result which is discussed in the article is comparison of the effectiveness of bevacizumab administration in the case of protocol-based and quasi-continuous therapies. Ultrasonographic, thermographic and histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. and calculates an interpolated surface under the tumor boundary based on the healthy surface around the tumor (navy blue line in Figure 12.). In longitudinal studies, sequential measurements of tumor volume with a non-invasive method are essential. Correspondence to If the length or width of a tumor is twice its height, which is often the case for many tumor models, then its measured volume will be overestimated by 50%. Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. Girit, I.C., Jure-Kunkel, M. & McIntyre, K.W. & Robinson, S.P. Most, if not all, tumors do not fit into this category; this discrepancy results in caliper-based volume measurements including sections that do not exist in the actual tumor, or an overestimation of tumor volume measurement. 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. PMID: 11208850. Figure 3. Treat. Clarys, J.P. & Marfell-Jones, M.J. Soft tissue segmentation of the body and fractionation of the upper and lower limbs. A typical comparison of tumor volume measurements by TumorImager-2TM with calipers. 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