the middle pleistocene humans are morphologically

Middle Pleistocene human facial morphology in an evolutionary and developmental context Sarah E. Freidlinea,b,c,d,*,1, Philipp Gunza, Katerina Harvatib,c,d, Jean-Jacques Hublina aMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany b Anthropology Ph.D. They are also known indirectly from their genetic legacy through gene flow into several low-altitude East Asian populations 4,5 and high-altitude modern Tibetans⁶. Their anatomy and antiquity constitute strong The Late Pleistocene equates to the proposed Tarantian Age of the geologic time scale, preceded by the proposed Chibanian and succeeded by the officially ratified Greenlandian. tion-by-distance. Middle Pleistocene fossils from Africa (sometimes referred to as Homo rhodesiensis) have been considered by some as part of the lineage leading to H. sapiens and by others as belonging to the ancestral species of Neanderthals and modern humans (3, 18, 23, 24). The M 1 has five well-developed primary cusps and a Y-fissure pattern. Given the fragmentary nature of that human fossil record, the nature of these late Middle and early Late Pleistocene humans in the more northern portions of eastern Eurasia has been unclear. The lack of morphologically informative Denisovan fossils hinders our ability to connect geographically and temporally dispersed fossil hominins from Asia and to understand in a coherent manner their relation to recent Asian populations. Pleistocene, and members of the H. sapiens clade in the African Late–Middle to Early–Late Pleistocene were even more distinct and diverse (Stringer, 1992; Lahr, 1996). The modern human sample comprises cross-sectional growth series of four morphologically distinct human populations. In addition, recent excavations in western Europe demonstrate that Neanderthals are associated with the derived features. The spring site of Florisbad in the Free State preserves the important cranial remains of an individual, Homo helmei, considered to be Middle Pleistocene in age and possibly a later archaic form of H. sapiens. Found deep underground in the Dinaledi Chamber, the … Modern and Middle to Late Pleistocene humans share a suite of derived features in the thumb, wrist, and radial carpometacarpal joints that is noticeably absent in early hominins. Species of ancient humans and the extinct relatives of our ancestors are typically described from a limited number of fossils. They therefore represent the probable immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans. Morphologically the Neanderthals are a remarkably coherent group. The facial profile is also shorter when compared with Middle Pleistocene specimens such as Kabwe or Sima de los Huesos 5, but is very similar to Qafzeh 9. Scaled macrowear gradients, enamel chipping, and instrumental cutmarks on labial tooth surfaces were documented to understand differences in degree, magnitude, and repetition of non-masticatory behaviors between morphologically and temporally partitioned groups of Middle and Late Pleistocene humans. In the ICS timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages, the Gelasian, Calabrian, Middle Pleistocene (unofficially the "Chibanian"), and Upper Pleistocene (unofficially the "Tarantian"). Considerations of morphological variation among later Pleistocene human groups have focused principally on the distinctiveness of the Neandertals of western Eurasia relative to their predecessors and to penecontemporaneous and recent modern humans. The Herto hominids are morphologically and chronologically intermediate between archaic African fossils and later anatomically modern Late Pleistocene humans. In addition, it has two accessory cusps: tubercu - lum sextum (C6) and tuberculum intermedium (C7; Supplementary Table 4). The patterning of facial Received 24 December 2011 morphology of their predecessors, the Middle Pleistocene humans, is more mosaic showing a mix of Accepted 8 August 2012 archaic and modern morphologies. We digitized landmarks and semilandmarks on surface and computed tomography scans and analyzed the Procrustes shape coordinates. Traditionally, Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils that cannot be allocated to Homo erectus sensu lato or modern H. sapiens have been assigned to different specific taxa. They there­ fore represent the probable immediate ancestors of anatomically modem humans. The site also preserves a rich, mainly Late Pleistocene mammal fauna, representative of the Florisian Land Mammal Age in southern Africa. Their anatomy and antiquity constitute strong evidence of modern-human emergence in Africa. Denisovans are members of a hominin group who are currently only known directly from fragmentary fossils, the genomes of which have been studied from a single site, Denisova Cave 1-3 in Siberia. The dental morphology also fits within Middle Pleistocene hom - inin variability. The study of geometric morphometrics in anthropology has made a major impact on the field of morphometrics by aiding in some of the technological and methodological advancements. Vincent Hare, Judith Sealy, Middle Pleistocene dynamics of southern Africa's winter rainfall zone from δ13C and δ18O values of Hoedjiespunt faunal enamel, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.006, 374, (72-80), (2013). Significant hominin fossil remains from the Middle and Early Late Pleistocene of Africa. Landmarks and semilandmarks on surface and computed tomography scans and analyzed the Procrustes shape coordinates early! 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