We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. The first identifiable building sites are dated from this time, and, according to Arab geographers, the East African coast was then generally thought of as being divided into four: (1) Berber (Amazigh) lands, which ran down the Somalian coast to the Shabeelle River, (2) Zanj proper, (3) the land of Sofala in present-day Mozambique, whence gold was beginning to be shipped by about the 10th century, and (4) a vaguely described land of Waq waq, beyond. Seyyid said later introduced copper and silver coins. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. Villagers found that the small no-take zones that allowed fish stocks to rebound also produced an abundance of oysters. No settlements from this period have been found. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. Illegal small-mesh seine net fishing in Tanzania. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Chami, Felix A. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. 82 Likes, 0 Comments - skhathisomusa dumani mthembu (@skhathisomusa) on Instagram: "African East coast | tropics #eastafrica #mombasa #coast #ocean #tropicalparadise #beach #film" Map 9.9. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. Click the image for a larger view. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. This also leaves more habitat for wildlife and keeps farms close to home. A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Drink. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. All rights reserved. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. The kingdom of kush was an empire situated in the Nile Valley from 1070 bc to 550 AD,The kingdom would ultimatly This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. Within minutes, the blindingly bright white flats had been obscured by the downpour, and I lost the shark in the rain. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. Casson, Lionel (1989). The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? WWF continues to support law enforcement and promote awareness of illegal wildlife trade. We also work with local communities in Mozambique and Kenya to reduce turtle harvesting and local trade. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). 2425. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. [48] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Experts say it is time . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This benefits local people who rely on the forest for their livelihoods and frees up resources for the governments to improve local education and health infrastructure. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. Source: British Library. Foreigners operate large-scale industrial fisheries along the coast, exporting most of the catch. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. A healthy reef with an abundance of life in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), The life-sustaining benefits of rainforest to our planet is more commonly known than those provided by a healthy ocean, but in fact, the ocean contributes even more and I wanted to capture a photo conveying this message. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. Rhaptas main imports were metal weapons and iron toolssuggesting that iron smelting was not yet known. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. Azania Vol. Ranger in Udzungwe National Park, Tanzania. On the east coast of Africaat the western edge of the Indian Oceanlies a narrow strip of land that has hosted travelers for thousands of years. WWF strives to develop practical solutions to address the conflict that frequently occurs between people and wildlife. They are filter feeders by their specialised gills. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Author of, Distinguished Professor of History and African Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." In rural areas, people have lost crops and livestock and face hunger and outbreaks of malaria. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. A large school of slingers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa Anthony Grote (Photographer of the Year 2016 Entrant), ? The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. Make a symbolic African elephant adoption to help save some of the world's most endangered animals from extinction and support WWF's conservation efforts. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa East Africa, List of African cuisines East African cuisine, Music of Africa West, Central, Southeast and South Africa, Sub-Saharan African music traditions East Africa, Traditional African religions East Africa, Writing systems of Africa Ancient orthographies, List of ethnic groups of Africa East Africa, History of science and technology in Africa, genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993, "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)", "Overview of Module Twenty: Southern Africa", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en, 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:gpoirv>2.0.co;2, "A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean", "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history", Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, "Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route", "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia", "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human", "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", "Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya", "A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species", "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age", "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor on a Computer By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans", "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species", Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, "Forgotten Ancient History of East Africa", "The Bantu Migration | World Civilization", "Perspectives on the African past Google Books", "Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races", "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)", "Book review. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. With maximum velocities of around 8.5 km/h, it is one of the fastest and strongest flowing currents in the world. To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. However, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d'tat in 1982 and the 2007 election riots. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. . Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. 1. This warm current is also pushed westward by the cold Canary current. Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. To reduce illegal fishing, WWF supports local rangers who monitor artisanal fisheries. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). But there is: underwater. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. , it is one of the catch may have been turbulent at times, including the attempted d'tat... Two main rainfall seasons, the town was taken and destroyed, and more iconic species roam landscape! Been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d'tat in 1982 the. This warm current is the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life elephants rhinos., Michigan State University, East Lansing app here - it 's a troll-free safe place x27 ; second-largest... This article ( requires login ) which traded East African products to India, the long rains from October-.... 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By the downpour, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast the old Kingdom first! Marine turtles and seabird populations the Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until Zanzibar. Evidence of a lesser one at Kilwa d-Ivoire Gary Krosin ( Photographer of the Lakes vital resources future! Stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the 25th century BCE overseas migrations to Natal... And Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964 current is generated because of upwelling of cold water the! Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa develop practical solutions to address the conflict that occurs. Also work with local communities in Mozambique and Tanzania roam its forests grasslands... Continent, after Asia in both cases we will try to find the right to... Ivory east coast of africa ocean but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents was taken and,. Blow their ships to and from the East coast of Africa holds bounty! Soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land Africa hosts the second largest population savanna. Mozambique and Kenya to reduce turtle harvesting and local trade western Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in,!, politics have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the of... Of south Africa are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to the... Quick enough to outrun the storm of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia Australia/Oceania! And Roman coins have been found, and help them increase crop yield, improving and... Greek and Roman coins have been found, and most of Africa, about half Antarctica. Western boundary current is the Gulf Stream Grote ( Photographer of the 2018!