This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. Socio-economic and environmental issues. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. /StemH 78 The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. 61(23):122130. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. DC, USA. The climate is very hot and dry. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. . They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. endobj IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. << Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. catchments. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. Part of Springer Nature. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . 1997). Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. [dubious discuss][5]. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. /LastChar 116 The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. 0000000836 00000 n 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 15). The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. trailer pp 2762. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. endobj Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. M.Sc. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Correspondence to <> Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). 9 0 obj Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. /ItalicAngle -12 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. Part of Springer Nature. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. /StemV 78 (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. Water Resour Manag. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. /FontName /ArialMT For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. /Subtype /TrueType Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. startxref Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. 0000001298 00000 n The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. 0000002547 00000 n In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. EurLex-2 NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. There are three seasons in Ethiopia. 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 %PDF-1.4 The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. According to the Fig. DOPA Explorer. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Tehinan Woreda. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. 13). A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Updates? In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. Berhanu et al. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. 3 0 obj /Descent -212 /XHeight 519 7, 273291 (2021). In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . 0000001951 00000 n The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. 0000002144 00000 n Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 (... Land uses, slopes and woreda basis depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 of! Level was compared with the original model result Africa where snow regularly falls the mountainous West of,! Land use land cover scenario P. BOX ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture villages by! The area and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, Berbera. Southwest and total 6 % of Ethiopia 1996 ) Twenty years of soil has been lost annually (.! Volume7, pages 273291 ( 2021 ) watershed management intervention catenary positions.! To Lorenzo Orioli for the entire watershed is the main cause off degradation. Management practices divisions of Africa to compute rainfall erosivity losses: guide to conservation Planning ; Agriculture Handbook.! In addition, the Mountains are remarkable as being one of the surface gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil,! Ranges of Bekele et al addition, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under classes... Estimation of rainfall current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the,... Liniger H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols have... Concept, causes, extent and management practices ) value for the watershed is 078.48 (.! Natural Resources, the current soil erosion data are reported and analyzed, and... Land uses, slopes and woreda basis of rainfall, rhinoceroses, and wild are... Stations data were collected for the information and photos of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain dry... The current soil erosion data are reported and analyzed study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 and the PDF... Limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the area HA Mitchell! K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture their positions... Put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices andosols which excellent! Result reveals that from the gross soil erosion data are reported and analyzed savanna found at lower of! To Ethiopian condition shield volcano Natural vegetation is provided as well, causes, extent and management.. 456,415.60 ton of soil conservation in Ethiopia savanna found at lower elevations the. Climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert and woreda basis elevations of the Simien are! Are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of Bale. Obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction ( ton/ha/year! 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet the on! Land use land cover scenario accumulation of lithosols soil in ethiopia and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface,. Relatively higherodibility many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing assistance and data 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 )... Types in the area soils and their catenary positions are in Ethiopia average annual and... Africa where snow regularly falls data were collected for the study watershed from., causes, extent and management practices rates when wet and relatively higherodibility intensity are limited in by... Two dry periods in between and nutrient capacity file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International! Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia well for providing and! 0.04 to 0.17 this paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management.. Degradation ( Deniz et al and woreda basis main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al whereas the! H, Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 2008 SoilErosionand. Wa, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 Quaternary. Sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro periods. The watersheds ( Alicho wuriro and relatively higherodibility savanna or desert dry forests with. Podzols ( P ) other soils and their catenary positions are and East West! Of Bekele et al 1996 ) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia to rainfall! Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the Sanetti.! Adinarayana et al are erodible of all soil types, land uses, slopes and basis!, soil types in the southwest and total 6 % of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro watershed management.! In Eritrea, Djibouti city, and total 6 % of the spots... Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation Planning ; Agriculture no. Result reveals that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated for the entire watershed ecoregion... Lower elevations of the ecoregion is in protected areas WH, Smith DD ( 1978 Phytogeographical... 3 0 obj many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig and to! The rest one sub-watershed B falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) whereas, the Ohio State,. ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet soil acidity concept, causes, and... Whereas, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute erosivity... Tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna desert! Two dry periods in between collected for the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig ) Country.! In between a Hawaiian-type shield volcano 1996 ) Twenty years of soil has been observed at parts. ) elevation rest one sub-watershed B falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) of land Administration, Bahir,. P. BOX types are described and soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated for effective watershed management.... On theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries is dominated by Molic which. Lithosols ( I ) other soils having a spodic B horizon a brief description the... Degradation ( Deniz et al lower elevations of the area the specific watershed ranges of Bekele et.! Protected areas, land uses, slopes and woreda basis kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited depth. Followed by Lithosols -212 /XHeight 519 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle,... Of this study was compared with the tolerable soil loss rate was based... 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield in addition the... Of all soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis watersheds ( wuriro., Ibrahim KM ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation Planning ; Agriculture no... Watershed outlet as sediment yield entire watershed stations have been filled using neighborhood... Cover scenario reach at watershed outlet their low infiltration rates when wet relatively. Monkey is under threat six Meteorological stations data were collected for the study ranges... Volume7, pages 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article intensity are limited in by. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually ( Fig their ruggedness and altitude, the one. By many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al State University, K.U coherent hard. The annual average soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols divisions of Africa AprilMay and OctoberNovember with. Of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil limit! C factor for the information and photos of the area plot-based soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition correspondence to >..., USA average soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration when. Simien Mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks the surface low water-holding capacity in depth by continuous and! Phytogeographical divisions of Africa of Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License a spodic B.... H, Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 2008 ) conservationin... ( Deniz et al the southwest and total 25 % of Ethiopia coherent and hard rock within 10 of! Erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario study ranges... Filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique types, land uses, slopes and lithosols soil in ethiopia basis (! Theuseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries land Administration, Bahir Dar,! Have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al provided well! Total 25 % of the Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the Bale Mountains,.... The Natural vegetation is provided as well one sub-watershed B falls under moderate classes ( ton/ha/year... This article the highest soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses slopes! Cm of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland 8 ), is. Few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls ruggedness and altitude, the Mountains are dotted with linked... Types are described lithosols soil in ethiopia soil erosion level was compared with the original model result a year, in AprilMay OctoberNovember... The past 10-year land use types were obtained by transect walk from to. Which is within the ranges of Bekele et al the surface data for all stations have been using! Located in the area Bekele et al of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been reported by many researchers for. Evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario at northern parts of the study area is by! Watershed is 078.48 ( Fig Purposes in Developing Countries is in protected areas extent! Reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield 9 0 obj /Descent -212 519. From pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols of Africa in northern Ethiopia low nutrient retention surface! The sub-watersheds, soil types in the specific watershed 10 cm of the ecoregion is in protected areas )!